Puppy Behaviour: How Your Dogs Habits Relate To Its Ancestors狗狗的行为：你的狗如何习惯涉及到其祖先

There are some things a dog cannot help doing.有一些东西狗不能帮助做的事情。 If he is going to bite someone, he needs to look at his target, and he needs to bare his teeth.如果他是要咬的人，他需要看看他的目标，他需要裸露他的牙齿。 If he is going to defend himself, he has to tuck his ears back and his tail down and turn aside.如果他要为自己辩护，他必须抱膝他的耳朵后和他的尾巴，并把在一边。 In the dark unrecorded mists of wolf history, wolves that had the wits to notice these things had an edge over their more obtuse pack-mates.在黑暗中未记录的雾气历史上的狼，狼得到了通知斗智斗勇这些东西有优势它们更钝包队友。 Being on the lookout for the fangs or the intent stare of a more powerful member of the pack was a way to avoid unnecessary physical injury from a wolf one had no intention of challenging anyway; being on the lookout for the cringe or the averted gaze of a weaker member was a way to avoid the unnecessary trouble and danger of fighting with a wolf who was prepared to give way without a fight anyway.正在寻找的毒牙或意图盯着一个更强大的成员，是一个包装的方式，以避免不必要的人身伤害从狼之一无意挑战反正;正在寻找的畏缩或避免的目光较弱的成员是一种方式，以避免不必要的麻烦和危险的战斗与狼谁愿意让不战而屈反正。

Once wolves were on the lookout for unintentionally dropped hints, it became possible to start dropping them intentionally.一旦被狼寻找无意暗示，它成为可能开始减少他们故意。 A wolf that can accurately read a fang or a stare as a threat can avoid a fight and a wolf that can show a fang or fix a stare can then express a threat without a fight.狼，可以准确地宣读了一份芳或凝视视为一种威胁能够避免的斗争和狼，可以显示出芳或修复凝视，然后表示不威胁作斗争。 This evolutionary feedback loop between receivers and senders is what was almost surely behind the development and rituals of the visual signals that wolves, and now dogs, use.这进化之间的反馈环路接收器和发送器是几乎肯定是落后的发展和礼仪的视觉信号，狼，狗，现在，使用。

Most of these signals are directly related to the very serious wolf business of dominance and submission within the pack.大多数这些信号是直接关系到非常严重的狼业务的主导地位和提交的包。 Dominance and threatening signals include baring the teeth, pricking the ears, and staring.优势和威胁信号，包括霸菱的牙齿，挑的耳朵，盯着。 Submissive and nonthreatening signals include laying the ears back, averting the gaze, approaching obliquely rather than head on, tucking the tail tightly under the belly, and (the ultimate gesture of passive surrender to superior force) rolling over and lying belly-up.顺从和nonthreatening信号包括奠定了耳朵回来，避免目光，斜临近，而不是头部，吃的尾巴紧紧下腹部，以及（最终的姿态被动投降优势兵力）滚动和低洼肚子行动。 Over sufficiently long time, these signals become ritualized.在足够长的时间，这些信号成为仪式。 Every time a wolf lifts his lips and shows his fangs, he is not literally about to bite; rather this is a symbol of threatening intentions, and, at this point in the evolutionary history of the wolf, read as such by other wolves.每当狼升降机他的嘴唇，并表明了他的毒牙，他是不是真正的咬; ，而这是一个象征着威胁的意图，并在这一点上的进化史的狼，改为其他如狼。 Wolves are predisposed to read it that way because of the indisputable fact of evolutionary history that fangs really do bite.森林狼队是倾向于阅读这种方式，因为无可争辩的事实进化历史上，毒牙真的咬的。 Wolves became in turn disposed to use a show of fangs as a threatening gesture precisely because wolves were predisposed to react to fangs as a threat.狼又成为处置利用展示毒牙作为威胁的姿态，正是因为狼是倾向于作出反应，毒牙是一种威胁。

Just about all vertebrate animals long ago acquired an innate appreciation of another biological fact that is frequently exploited in visual communication: big things out there are more dangerous than small things.只是所有的脊椎动物不久前获得了天生的赞赏另一个生物事实，往往是利用可视通信：大事情了有更多的危险比小的事情。 Thus threatening or dominance-asserting wolves try to literally look big.因此，威胁或主导地位，主张狼尝试字面上看大。 They stand erect, sometimes astride the animal they are attempting to impress, they raise their tails, they stiffen their hackles.他们挺立，有时跨动物，他们正试图留下深刻的印象，他们提高他们的尾巴，他们坚定他们的不满。

Submissive or fearful dogs try to look small by crouching low, sometimes even dragging themselves along the ground.顺从或害怕狗试着寻找小的蜷缩低，有时甚至是自己拖在地面。 It is important to realize that this does not mean that the big- looking wolf is conscious of how big he looks, nor that any other wolf is fooled into thinking he really is big.重要的是要认识到，这并不意味着大的前瞻性狼意识到有多大，他期待，也没有任何其他狼愚弄，以为他真的是很大。 Again, these are rituals.再次，这些都是仪式。 But they ultimately derive from the fact that wolves have been wired to react in ways that make these rituals effective.但他们最终还是来自一个事实，即狼有线已作出反应的方式，使这些礼仪有效。